2024-03-28T11:59:36Z
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/oai
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/153
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"230501 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
CORRELATION OF UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH BRAZILIAN TENSILE STRENGTH AND INDEX PROPERTIES FOR SOFT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Pathan, Shafi Muhammad
Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Memon, Muhammad Burhan
Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Shaikh, Zuhaib Ahmed
Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Chalgri, Saleem Raza
Department of Mining Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Sedimentary Rocks composing the Thar Lignite basin Pakistan are of clastic origin. These rocks have comparatively low uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values, and hence recognized as ‘soft sedimentary rocks’ in this study. UCS is a fundamental property of rocks, used by mine design engineers in designing the surface and underground excavations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between UCS with Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and index properties of soft sedimentary rock formations at Thar Lignite basin. Various correlations between mechanical and physical properties of rocks have been developed previously. However, no significant correlation has been developed on UCS with BTS and index properties for soft sedimentary rocks. Numerous Rock samples from Two complete geotechnical drillholes at Block-IX Thar Coalfield were selected. Standard test procedures were implemented to determine the UCS, indirect Tensile and index properties such as point load strength, and shore Scleroscope hardness. The correlations between rock properties were established using simple and multiple regression techniques, and empirical equations were obtained. These equations can be used to predict the UCS and tensile strength of soft sedimentary rocks by performing simple index tests; which are quick, economical, and easier to be performed on the site.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/153
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/32
2021-08-10T19:44:18Z
JMAR:M
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM SOME SELECTED STREAMS AND RIVERS IN DISTRICT GILGIT, PAKISTAN
Din, Saif Ud
Department of Environmental Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Ali, S.
Department of Environmental Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Nafees, M. A.
Department of Biological Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Ali, H.
Department of Environmental Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Hassan, S. N.
Department of Computer Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Ali, Z.
Department of Environmental Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
,, Earjh
Department of Environmental Sciences Karakorum international University Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
This study aims to provide information about the drinking water quality of two streams in Chakarkote Sai and Demote Sai and two rivers in Gilgit and Hunza. Parameters were tested including physical, and chemical. The physical parameters were temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia (NH4),total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and reactive orthophosphate (PO4). The ranges of these parameters set by WHO and NEQs, as most of the Asian countries also follow the WHO standards. All the samples were tested in the EPA certified laboratory of biological sciences department Karakorum international university Gilgit Baltistan. The minimum and maximum values of temperature 15.2-18.4, PH 6.78-6.09, EC 109.3-297 µS, TDS 53.8-149 ppm, Turbidity 0.29-88.4 NTU, DO 7.1-8.9 mg/l, TN 5.63-7.13 mg/l, NH4 0.0106-0.0151 mg/l, TP 0.042-0.143mg/l, and PO4 0.0059-0.016 mg/l. Independent T test was applied separately for both streams and rivers to determine significant difference of water properties with respect to location wise. Water parameters like DO and TP were significantly, while temperature, PH, EC, TDS, turbidity, TN, NH4, PO4 were non-significant in streams and TDS, turbidity, DO and TN were significant, while temperature, PH, EC, NH4, TP, PO4 were non-significant in rivers according to area wise.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/32
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/93
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"220516 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF GEMSTONES, MINES,MINERS AND PROBLEMS IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
Alam, Muhammad
Government Degree College, Gilgit, 15100 Pakistan
Bano, Yasmeen
Fatima Jinnah Women Degree College, Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
Rashid, Abdur
Government Degree College, Gilgit, 15100 Pakistan
Ali, Sajid
University of Baltistan, Skardu
Lateef, Abdul
Geological Survey of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan possesses a complex history of crustal evolution and rich diversity of geological environments, and is favorable for various types of mineralization and production of gemstone all over GB. Two batholiths; Kohistan Batholith and Karakorum Batholith which are hosting gemstones mineralization. This investigation reveals that thirty-two precious and semi-precious stones are mined, 95% of the total gemstones produced in Pakistan come from GB. These varieties of gemstones come from 2150 mines which are in working conditions scattered all over GB and number of miners involved is 25000. Miners face problems like lighting, ventilation and drilling. They lack the basic safety equipment like helmets, mining shoes, gloves, googles and masks. Due to the fumes of explosives, miners are suffering from different diseases like Silicosis. The main gemstone-producing areas are Hunza valley, Sumayar (Nager Valley), Shengus and Haramosh (District Gilgit), Bulachi and Mir Malik (District Astore), Istak Nalah and Shiger Valley. The common gemstones mined are ruby, pargasite, spinel, corundum, sapphire, calcite, aquamarine, tourmaline, beryl, quartz, topaz, albite, microcline, apatite, fluorite, emerald, marganite, diopside, tanzanite, axinite, felsite, kunzite, emerald and garnet.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/93
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/9
2021-08-10T19:42:16Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EVALUATION OF GIN WASTE AS A GROWING SUBSTRATE, ENRICHED WITH DIFFERENT VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF THE WHEAT BRAN FOR CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS)
Akhtar, M. M.
World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Jahangir, M. M.
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Zeeshan, M.
World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Abdullah, M.
World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Pleurotusostreatus mushroom was cultivated on cotton gin waste amended with wheat bran in order to judge its growth potential. Two substrates (cotton gin waste and wheat bran) were employed alone and with different combinations. Experiment consisted of four treatments T0 (100 % cotton gin waste), T1(97% cotton gin waste + 3% wheat bran), T2(94% cotton gin waste + 6% wheat bran) and T3(91% cotton gin waste + 9% wheat bran). Data about time needed for commencement of spawn run, time needed for completion of mycelial growth, time needed for initiation of pinheads, time needed for harvesting of 1st, 2nd and 3rd flush, fresh weight of 1st, 2nd and 3rd flush harvested, total yield, pH of mushroom, total soluble solids of mushroom, acidity and ascorbic acid contents, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars of mushroom, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of mushroom was recorded. T0 (100 % cotton gin waste) performed better as compared to other treatments.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/9
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/90
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"210909 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
STABILIZED NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE TWO KINDS OF PROBLEMS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOWS
Hussain, Shahid
School of Mathematical Sciences, East China Normal University China
Hussain, Sajid
School of Mathematical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Xian China
A mixed finite element method (MFEM) stabilized for the two kinds of problems related to the incompressible fluid flow is demonstrated. In the first kind, the Newtonian fluid flow is illustrated with the MFEM and considered discontinuous scheme. Initially, the model equations are considered nonlinear and un-stabilize. The model equations are solved for linear terms with the special technique first and then the model equation with the extra added term is utilized later to stabilize the model equations. A steady-state viscoelastic Oseen fluid flow model with Oldroyd-B type formulations was demonstrated in the second kind of problem with SUPG method. The nonlinear problems are linearized through the Oseen scheme. Numerical results for both the model equations are given and compared. The SUPG method is found more suitable and active.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/90
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/176
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"231109 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
LEXICOGRAPHIC GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF CROPPING PATTERN IN YASIN REGION GILGIT, PAKISTAN
Karim, Faryal
School of Natural Sciences, NUST, Pakistan
The prosperity of the agricultural sector is crucial not only for the national economy but also for regional development. For the purpose of agricultural planning and decision making, mathematical programming models are widely used. This paper aims to formulate, apply and evaluate a Lexicographic Goal Programming (LGP) model for the best allocation of land under cultivation for the major crops of central Yasin. It is an extension of the research work [1] which was conducted in this area to maximize the profit of the three crops using Linear Programming (LP). Using the LP model the target was achieved but all the land was allocated for alfalfa being the most beneficial crop among the three. But wheat is a basic need which must be cultivated to a specific amount. Considering this problem we extended the previous work by implementing the LGP approach to satisfy multiple goals such as the allocation of land for wheat, maximization of profit and minimization of capital in the agricultural activity. The LGP model is solved using the Simplex method. The LGP model provided the most satisfactory set of allocations possible and satisfied all three goals. It gave optimum profit of Rs.170003 and capital is minimized to Rs. 73687.678. Compared with the farmer’s plan, the profit of the LGP model increased by 49.39% but compared with the LP model, the profit decreased by 13.11%. Likewise, the total crop production expenditure increased by 4.97% and 1.39% respectively in comparison with the farmer’s plan and LP model.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/176
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/80
2021-08-10T19:48:49Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"201229 2020 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF PLANT CELLS
zaman, Sharifa
Shining Light Academy, Gilgit, Pakistan
Fatima, B.
Mountain Area research center
The mechanical properties (like sensory texture etc.) of plants/fruits directly depend on their microstructures. Therefore, it is very important to well understand the geometry and topology of cells in order to control the microstructure for better mechanical response. In this research, techniques of digital image processing and segmentation in conjunction with mathematical morphology models are used to visualize and analyze the 3D cells of potato. ImageJ and MATLAB are used throughout in this study. The labeled image stacks are essential for studying quantitative characterization of 3D cells, MATLAB is used to label each image stacks. By using MATLAB 12420 cells were segmented within a short period of time and labeled each cell uniquely.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2020-12-29 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/80
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 5 (2020)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/166
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"221129 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS OF DYNEIN MOTOR PROTEINS USING EXTREME GRADIENT BOOSTING ALGORITHM WITH MACHINE LEARNING
Ghulam, Ali
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Sikander, Rahu
School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Talpur, Dhani Bux
Department of Computer Science, University of Gwaddar, Gwaddar, Balochistan
Saba, Erum
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Talpur, Mir Sajjad Hussain
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Maher, Zulfikar Ahmed
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Tunio, Saima
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
The majority of cytoplasmic proteins and vesicles move actively primarily to dynein motor proteins, which are the cause of muscle contraction. Moreover, identifying how dynein are used in cells will rely on structural knowledge. Cytoskeletal motor proteins have different molecular roles and structures, and they belong to three superfamilies of dynamin, actin and myosin. Loss of function of specific molecular motor proteins can be attributed to a number of human diseases, such as Charcot-Charcot-Dystrophy and kidney disease. It is crucial to create a precise model to identify dynein motor proteins in order to aid scientists in understanding their molecular role and designing therapeutic targets based on their influence on human disease. Therefore, we develop an accurate and efficient computational methodology is highly desired, especially when using cutting-edge machine learning methods. In this article, we proposed a machine learning-based superfamily of cytoskeletal motor protein locations prediction method called extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). We get the initial feature set All by extraction the protein features from the sequence and evolutionary data of the amino acid residues named BLOUSM62. Through our successful eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), accuracy score 0.8676%, Precision score 0.8768%, Sensitivity score 0.760%, Specificity score 0.9752% and MCC score 0.7536%. Our method has demonstrated substantial improvements in the performance of many of the evaluation parameters compared to other state-of-the-art methods. This study offers an effective model for the classification of dynein proteins and lays a foundation for further research to improve the efficiency of protein functional classification.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/166
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
Bioinformatics, Human Dynein Poteins
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/22
2021-08-10T19:45:07Z
JMAR:M
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
ASSESSMENT OF FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CHILD LABOR IN AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY OF COTTON GROWERS IN DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR
Zeeshan, M.
Sustainable Agriculture Programme, World Wide Fund for Nature – Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Tariq, U.
Makhdoom, A. H.
Imran, A.
Khan, L. A.
Din, Nawab ud
Array
The work which affects the education, dignity and health of a child is known as child labor. It exists in agriculture sector of Pakistan mostly in the form of hazardous work. The main objective of the study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of cotton growers on child labor issue with special reference to Decent Work of International Labor Organization (ILO). The study was conducted in Bahawalpur district where Decent Work has been implemented by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Pakistan since 2013 as a part of its Sustainable Agriculture Program. Three categories of farmers were identified among a total of 388 selected cotton growers i.e. Farmers having high level of awareness, farmers having basic level of awareness and farmers having no awareness of child labor. Farmers were also categorized into three groups on the basis of their land holding i.e. (Category ‘a’) 1-7 acres, (b) >7-20 acres and (c) >20-50 acres. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistical method. Among category ‘a’ 7.5%, 88.7% and 3.7% of the farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘b’ 7.2%, 88.5% and4.2% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘c’ 5.8%, 90.2% and 3.9% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Since there was a large proportion of those farmers who have only basic level of awareness on child labor among all the three land holding categories, therefore, there is a need to educate farmers on preventing child labor at their farms to promote sustainable cotton.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/22
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/116
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"211230 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND VECTOR BORNE DENGUE DISEASE USING ONCOLOGICAL FRACTAL TREATMENT
Ilyas, Muhammad
Mathematical Sciences and Research Centre, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology
Abbas, Shaheen
Laboratory for Applied Mathematics and Data Analysis (LAMDA) Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
Ali, Afzal
Mathematical Sciences and Research Centre, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology
Hussain, Sadaqat
Department of Mathematics, University of Baltistan, Skardu Pakistan
Raza, Syed Akhter
Department of Computer Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology
Dengue is the most vital arboviral disease in humans, which is occurring in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Dengue fever is itemized as an urban human disease as it spreads easily to urban environmental/ morphological contexts because of the uneven increase of urban population and infectious diseases as a result of climate change. Dengue epidemic cases related to climatic parameters are helpful to monitor and prevent the transmission of dengue fever. Many studies have focused on describing the clinical aspects of dengue outbreak. We bring out the epidemiological study to investigate the dengue fever development and prediction in the Karachi city. This study described the oncological treatment by statistical analysis and fractal rescaled range (R/S) method of the dengue epidemics from January 2001 to December 2020, based on the urban morphological patterns, and climatic variables including temperature and ENSO respectively. The R/S method in oncologists has been carried in two ways, basic oncological/statistical analysis and Fractal dimension adapt to the study the nature of the subtleties of dengue epidemic data, another showing the dynamics of oncological process. Climate parameters are shown that the fractal dimension value revealed a persistency behavior i.e. time series is an increasing, Fractal analysis also confirmed the anti-persistent behavior of dengue for months of September to November and the normality tests specified the robust indication of the intricacy of data. This study will be useful for future researchers working on epidemiology and urban environmental oncological fields to improve and rectify the urban infectious diseases.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/116
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/30
2017-06-08T16:48:24Z
JMAR:Math.+%26+comp.+Sc.
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/63
2021-08-10T19:47:39Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"191223 2019 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT OF QURUMBAR VALLEY, GHIZER, GILGIT BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
Shah, S. K. Ali
Pepperdine Institute Gilgit, Pakistan
Khan, G.
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ali, S.
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan plateau research, CAS, 100101Beijing
Qureshi, J. A.
Kunming University of Science and Technology Yunnan, China
Habib, N.
Pepperdine Institute Gilgit, Pakistan
Khan, A.
Kunming University of Science and Technology Yunnan, China
Being located in a seismically active zone, these mountain valleys are exposed to different hydro-meteorological hazards like rockfall, debris flow, landslide, ice avalanches, and glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs). The present study is to investigate different multi-hazards and their prevailing risk in the particular area of Qurumbar valley Ishkoman. In the mid-nineteen and twenty centuries at least six devastating glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has been recorded, initially, only the Qurumbar glacier was considered as the main cause of this outburst flood, later field investigation and interview from local inhabitant revealed that nine more tributary glacier are existing in the area. The recent outburst of flood in the Badswat area of Qurumbar Ishkoman is also considerable, submerging 12 houses and a stretch of roads. Apart from it, the physical vulnerability of the area is increasing, as new areas are being used for housing with the increase in population. The study area is exposed to several other natural hazards like rock fall, debris flows, ice avalanches, and bank erosion. The present study is based on quantitative and qualitative approaches in assistance with GIS/RS an emergent application. The following methodologies were adapted to gather the primary and secondary data for GIS/RS processing. The primary data comprises GIS data and procurement and development and field data. The field data contain ground-truthing /validation. The community-based Hazard Vulnerability Risk Assessment (HVRA) was also carried out to know about human perception. Secondary data has been collected from different literature. Both the data were put into GIS for the processing which gives us our final developmental tools in the form of maps. The hazard and risk map of the Qurumbar Ishkoman depict that flash floods, debris flow, bank erosion, and GLOFs account for major hazards in Qurumbar valley. It is concluded based on our outcomes i.e., hazard and risk maps that earthquake is the main hazard of the area while flash floods, GLOFs, debris flow, bank erosion and the bank collapsed are the main hazards of the area. It is very important to systematically integrate map information into the planning and management process which contributes to a safer environment.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2019-12-23 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/63
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 4 (2019)
eng
Disaster Management
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/178
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Ch.+S
"230528 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EXPLORING THE ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF NEPETA ADENOPHYTA HEDGE IN HEPG2 CELLS AND ITS PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Ilyas, R.
Noor-ul-Huda Public School, Eidgah, 14300-Astore, Pakistan
Ali, M.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Government Boys High School, Jutial, 15100-Gilgit, Pakistan
Ali, I.
Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, China
Siyo, B.
Department of Chemistry, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
Xu, W.
School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Hussain, A.
Department of Chemistry University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
Wei, W.
Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan-250014, China
Chen, L.
Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan-250014, China
T., Zamarrud
Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
Wang, X.
Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan-250014, China
The current study is based on the phytochemical isolation and biological activity evaluation of Nepeta adenophyta Hedge. This plant species is traditionally used for abdominal pain, kidney pain, stomach problems, urine problems, and diarrhea and is examined to control bleeding. Five compounds were isolated using column chromatography over normal silica gel from the ethanolic crude extract of Nepeta adenophyta and their structures were characterized with the help of spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the crude extract was evaluated for its antioxidant and antidiabetic potential in a human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells and the crude extract showed good activities. The phytochemical isolation studies and the biological activities are conducted for the first time on the study sample.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/178
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/48
2021-08-10T19:45:46Z
JMAR:M
"181219 2018 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
OUTCOME AND ROOTS OF EARLY MARRIAGES IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN: A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Baig, Saima
Sindh Madressatul Islam University Karachi, Sindh Pakistan
Ullah, Asmat
Aga Khan University Karachi, Sindh Pakistan
The aim of this study was to find out the causes and outcome of the early marriages in the light of victims and gatekeepers observations. However, one-third of under-aged girls in the developing countries are married before the age of 18 years. Although in Northern areas of Pakistan, early marriage is a very common problem in both gender, especially, in Gilgit-Baltistan and the ratio is higher than any other part of the country. Moreover, in this region, early marriage is prevailed due to traditional customs, religious dominance and supernatural evil. The present study chose two categories, first category for victims which includes respondents of age group from 10 to 40 years old and married before 18 years of age. The second category was chosen for interpretation of the community gatekeepers. We utilized a quantitative survey method to collect data from each district and examined 200 sample. A sample is divided into two groups, the victim's group includes 150 respondents and the group of gatekeepers includes 50 sample size. The tailor-made close-ended questionnaire was designed for the collection of data. Beside this, a Likert scale was also used for Professionals.
There is a need to take some serious steps to eliminate this social disease which promotes the illiteracy, poverty, crime, economic burden, terrorism, domestic violence and rapid increase in population which is surmounting challenges in the pathway of regional development. Early marriage has psychological, physical and economic consequences; most girls remain unable to complete their primary and secondary education and also have the negative impact on their health.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2018-12-19 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/48
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 3 (2018)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/141
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"220516 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
A STUDY OF LONG-TERM SUNSPOTS AND K-INDEX GEOMETRIC CYCLES USING PROBABILISTIC MODELING
Hassan, Danish
Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Karachi Pakistan AND Mathematical Sciences Research Center Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Khan, Hamza
Department of Textile and Clothing National Textile University Karachi Campus, Karachi Pakistan
Akhter, Muhammad Fahim
Mathematical Sciences Research Center Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Khan, Muhammad Danish
Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abbas, Shaheen
Mathematical Sciences Research Center Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
The research work done in this paper comprises the application of different well-known probability distribution models. This includes the understanding of the behavior and dynamics of 24 sunspot cycles with total data. The time-series data sets were selected from 1749 to 2014. To observe the solar activity effects on K-index activity the double cycles from 1932 to 2014 were also incorporated in the study. The comparative study is useful to observe the long-term solar-terrestrial connection. The magnetic field of the sun reverses its polarity after every 11 years of the cycle. So after every 22 years, the north pole becomes again north pole. By using the two well-known tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KST) and Anderson-Darling test (ADT) the probability distribution models were obtained for each sunspot cycles and compare. The significant probability models for all the sunspot cycles have been obtained. The fitted probability distribution models on selected data sets may be useful to understand the trend of solar and geomagnetic activity.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/141
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
Mathematics
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/10
2021-08-10T19:42:35Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
RIVER ECOLOGICAL STUDY: BUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR VARIETY OF ASSESSMENTS SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE IN NEPAL
Jha, B. R.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Gurung, S.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Khatri, K.
Mahendra Ratna Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Gurung, B.
277/15 Krishna Dhar Marg, Maharajgunj 3, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Thapa, A.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Acharya, S.
Balkot 1, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Climate change is now universally acknowledged to be taking place across the globe. It is generally presumed that the impacts of climate change would be more severe in the country like Nepal due to its location, physiography, poverty and lack of preparedness to cope with the changes. The last reason is mainly associated with knowledge, information and ability to use technologies based on science.
The main objective of this research is to analyze and evaluate the effects of climate change by taking fish as an indicator. However, an even more important outcome is to prepare a solid foundation of fish-based information, which could be used in the future as a reference for a variety of purposes including the study of climate change. Two sets of examples, one in the tributaries of a glacial river and another in the tributary of a rain -fed river are compared in terms of fish ecological attributes to test for effects of climate change. In addition to fish-based information, this research also studies physico-chemical parameters and benthic fauna so as to build up an ecological profile of the rivers.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/10
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/103
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"211007 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
BEHAVIOUR OF SILTY SAND REINFORCED WITH LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) STRIPS
Khan, Naveed
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Ahmad, Irshad
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Safdar, Muhammad
Earthquake Engineering Center, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Khan, Abdul Qudoos
. Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, Pakistan
Khan, Benish Jehan
Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University, Peshawar, Pakistan
In this study, silty sand is reinforced with plastic strips to improve the engineering properties of soil. Sand and silty sand soils have been used as base materials and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) strips as reinforcement materials. The LDPE strips are used in various dimensions (e.g., width ranging from 6 to 15mm and length ranging from 15 to 30mm). The randomly distributed LDPE strips are added to sand and silty sand specimens at varying percentages (e.g., 0.1% to 0.3%) by weight of dry soil specimen. Direct shear tests are performed on sand and silty sand specimens in both unreinforced and reinforced conditions. Stress strain, volumetric strain (e.g., compression/dilation behaviour) and strength envelopes are plotted to investigate the improvement in the shear strength parameter (e.g., internal friction angle). The results show that in sand specimens, the maximum improvement in shearing behaviour has been achieved with strips of 6x30mm in dimensions and at 0.3%. For silty sand specimens, the maximum improvement in shearing behaviour has been achieved with strips of 6x25mm in dimensions and at 0.3%. In addition, it has been observed that reinforced soil specimens increased the values of internal frictional angle compared to unreinforced soil specimens. In sand specimens, maximum increase of 19.72% in internal friction angle (Φ) has been observed with 6x30mm strips at similar percentage. In case of silty sand specimens, the maximum increase in internal friction angle (Φ) has been observed as 19.28% with the addition of strips of 6x25mm and at 0.3%.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/103
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/181
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"231111 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
PETROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF LIMESTONE OF THE LAKI FORMATION USED IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR FROM JAMSHORO AND THATTA DISTRICTS, SINDH, PAKISTAN
Baloch, Fateh Ali
Agheem, Muhammad Hassan
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Markhand, Akhtar Hussain
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Memon, Kashif Ahmed
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Lashari, Rafiq Ahmed
Thebo, Ghulam Mustafa
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Limestone belonging to the Laki Formation is well exposed at Nooriabad, Jhampir, and Makli Hills. Representative samples of the Laki Formation limestone were collected from different locations such as Jamshoro, Bolhari, Makli Hills, and Nooriabad. The four crush plants i.e. Afridi Crush Plant and New Hazara Crush Plant (Makli, Thatta District), Shah Rahim Crush Plant and Bhatti Crush Plant (Nooriabad, Jamshoro District) were selected for sampling. The Petrographic investigation as per ASTM- C295-03 (1) was performed using standard thin sections. The megascopic and microscopic study results reflect no hindrance in using the studied limestone. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low-strength concrete and aggregate base course and sub-base. Variation in lithology, stratification and non-homogeneity was observed, however, the aggregate from the New Hazara crush plant is found fractured in nature and therefore, its use as concrete material is not suggested. The studied limestone of all crushed plants does not show any potential for Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and Alkali Carbonate Reaction (ACR). Based on the present study, it is concluded that the studied limestone of the Laki Formation from the above-mentioned locations is suitable for construction purposes and industrial use. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low strength concrete and pavement (sub-base & base coarse) as well as aggregate base course. In the stockpile of crushed aggregate on crusher plants, the chalky limestone was found to be less stable and less durable.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/181
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/79
2021-08-10T19:49:04Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"201229 2020 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
A COMPARISON OF SERIAL AND PARALLEL SOLUTIONS OF TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
Abbas, S.
Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
Khan, A. A.
Diamond jubilee Institute, Hyderabad Hunza
Shakia, B.
Elysian Academy, Gahkuch Ghizer
We study a comparison of serial and parallel solution of 2D-parabolic heat conduction equation using a Crank-Nicolson method with an Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme. The two-dimensional Heat equation is applied on a thin rectangular aluminum sheet. The forward difference formula is used for time and an averaged second order central difference formula for the derivatives in space to develop the Crank-Nicolson method. FORTRAN serial codes and parallel algorithms using OpenMP are used. Thomas tridigonal algorithm and parallel cyclic reduction methods are employed to solve the tridigonal matrix generated while solving heat equation. This paper emphasize on the run time of both algorithms and their difference. The results are compared and evaluated by creating GNU-plots (Command-line driven graphing utility).
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2020-12-29 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/79
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 5 (2020)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/167
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"221202 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
UBI-XGB: IDENTIFICATION OF UBIQUITIN PROTEINS USING MACHINE LEARNING MODEL
Rahu, Sikandar
School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xian China
Ghulam, Ali
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Farman, Ali
Elementary and Secondary Education, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Talpur, Dhani Bux
Department of Computer Science, University of Gwaddar, Gwaddar, Balochistan
Talpur, Mir Sajjad Hussain
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Saba, Erum
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Maher, Zulfikar Ahmed
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
Tunio, Saima
Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University, Sindh, Pakistan
A recent line of research has focused on Ubiquitination, a pervasive and proteasome-mediated protein degradation that controls apoptosis and is crucial in the breakdown of proteins and the development of cell disorders, is a major factor. The turnover of proteins and ubiquitination are two related processes. We predict ubiquitination sites; these attributes are lastly fed into the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) classifier. We develop reliable predictors computational tool using experimental identification of protein ubiquitination sites is typically labor- and time-intensive. First, we encoded protein sequence features into matrix data using Dipeptide Deviation from Expected Mean (DDE) features encoding techniques. We also proposed 2nd features extraction model named dipeptide composition (DPC) model. It is vital to develop reliable predictors since experimental identification of protein ubiquitination sites is typically labor- and time-intensive. In this paper, we proposed computational method as named Ubipro-XGBoost, a multi-view feature-based technique for predicting ubiquitination sites. Recent developments in proteomic technology have sparked renewed interest in the identification of ubiquitination sites in a number of human disorders, which have been studied experimentally and clinically. When more experimentally verified ubiquitination sites appear, we developed a predictive algorithm that can locate lysine ubiquitination sites in large-scale proteome data. This paper introduces Ubipro-XGBoost, a machine learning method. Ubipro-XGBoost had an AUC (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) of 0.914% accuracy, 0.836% Sensitivity, 0.992% Specificity, and 0.839% MCC on a 5-fold cross validation based on DPC model, and 2nd 0.909% accuracy, 0.839% Sensitivity, 0.979% Specificity, and 0. 0.829% MCC on a 5-fold cross validation based on DDE model. The findings demonstrate that the suggested technique, Ubipro-XGBoost, outperforms conventional ubiquitination prediction methods and offers fresh advice for ubiquitination site identification.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/167
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
Bioinformatics, Machine Learning
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/24
2021-08-10T19:45:23Z
JMAR:M
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT DIVERSITY OF HILLY AREAS OF AZAD KASHMIR AND THEIR MITIGATION: A REVIEW
Akbar, K. F.
Department of Botany, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha.
Array
Azad Kashmir has variety of mountain ecosystems which are rich in floral and faunal diversity. These ecosystems are fragile and are under stress due to various natural and anthropogenic pressures. Mountain ecosystems of Azad Kashmir are more vulnerable to global warming and are expected to show its impacts rapidly. Climate change may cause major changes in distribution ranges of different vegetation types. As a result of climate change, the area of three vegetation groups (alpine, grassland/arid woodlands and deserts) is expected to decrease and the areas of five types (cold conifer/mixed woodland, cold conifer/mixed forests, temperate conifer/mixed forests, warm conifer/mixed forests, and steppe/arid shrub lands) are expected to increase. Climate change is going to affect conservation of plant species and ecosystems by causing direct loss of plant species and intensify the effects of existing threats such as habitat degradation, deforestation and over-harvesting of plants by local communities, pollution and invasive species. These stresses, acting individually and collectively on species, communities and ecosystems, are depleting and will continue to deplete biodiversity. The negative impacts of climate change are multi-dimensional and wide-ranging. Their mitigation requires an integrated and coordinated policy response for conservation of plant resources. These measures include a regular monitoring and observation system, restoration of degraded habitats and forests, identifying new solutions involving cross-sectoral linkages to conserve biological diversity of Azad Kashmir by supporting the intricate and complex responses of species and ecosystems to climate change.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/24
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/145
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"220302 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
MAPPING APPLE TREES FUTURE LAND USE POTENTIAL AS A MEANS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN EAST-MEDITERRANEAN MOUNTAINS: MOUNT-LEBANON
Mahfoud, Charbel
Centre de Recherche en Environnement - Espace Méditerranée Orientale (CREEMO), Department of Geography, Saint Joseph University, Human Sciences Campus (CSH), Rue de Damas, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Michael, Beirut, Lebanon
Adjizian-Gerard, Jocelyne
Centre de Recherche en Environnement - Espace Méditerranée Orientale (CREEMO), Department of Geography, Saint Joseph University, Human Sciences Campus (CSH), Rue de Damas, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Michael, Beirut, Lebanon.
Agricultural zonal migrations and altitudinal shifts of high chill requirements fruit trees such as apple trees is considered a way of adaptation to climate change in mountain agriculture. This study examines near and far future options (2050-2070) of this local adaptation method in four village clusters in Mount-Lebanon, involving the expansion of agricultural lands to suitable regions under different degrees of climate change scenarios of temperature increase and precipitations regime fluctuation. A Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping calculation model was established for agricultural land evaluation which aims to locate spaces where the agriculture development indicators such as soil type, slope, future temperatures, and future precipitations will be suitable for cultivation under different climate change scenarios and models. The model does not seek the exact delineation of plots as much as the location of areas with a trend of agricultural relevance in the next 30 to 50 years. This classification is a tool to help Mount-Lebanon farmers and apple growers in adapting locally to climate change by choosing the best future spots to migrate their crops to. Results showed that most lands in which agricultural development is viable, are already in use for apple production (mainly) in the 4 clusters, leaving small parcels of land with variable agro-potentials to be developed in the future under favorable climate conditions. The agriculture potential of plots of altitude exceeding 2000 meters is to be validated in the studied area, especially since the climatic and irrigation conditions of there can present serious challenges.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/145
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/6
2021-08-10T16:21:30Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF SYNTHETIC AND BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST SUCKING INSECT PEST AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON COTTON CROP
Baker, M. A.
World Wide Fund Pakistan for nature conservation, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
Makhdum, A. H.
World Wide Fund Pakistan for nature conservation, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
Nasir, M.
Sustainable Agriculture Programme, World Wide Fund -Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Imran, A.
Sustainable Agriculture Programme, World Wide Fund -Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan)
Ahmad, A.
World Wide Fund Pakistan for nature conservation, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
Tufail, F.
World Wide Fund Pakistan for nature conservation, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
The Synthetic and botanical insecticides are relatively safer for environment and beneficial insects. The study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan during the cotton cropping season 2014 to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two Synthetic insecticides i.e. Nitenpyram (Jasper 10% SL) and Pyriproxyfen (Bruce 10.8% EC) and two botanical extracts of Calotropic procera and Azadirachta indica, against sucking insect pest complex of cotton and their natural enemies. Upon reaching economic thresholds, the recommended field doses of all the insecticides were applied on cotton cultivar MNH-886. Data against sucking pests and their natural enemies was recorded 24 hours prior to insecticidal application and then 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after insecticidal application. Results revealed that Nitenpyram was much toxic against sucking pests followed by Pyriproxyfen as compared to two botanical extracts. On the other hand, the synthetic insecticides did not prove safer for natural enemies as compared to botanical extracts. It was concluded that as an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy, botanical extracts can be used at low infestation levels so that ecosystem service of biological control may be sustained.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/6
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/57
2021-08-30T19:18:26Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"191223 2019 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
AN OVERALL VIEW ON GEMSTONE MINING IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN: PROBLEMS AND MITIGATIONS
Alam, Muhammad
Government Boys Degree College Gilgit, Pakistan
Ali, S.
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Khan, G.
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alam, M.
China university of Geo Sciences Beijing China
Bano, Y.
Fatima Jinnah Women Degree College Gilgit, 15100 Pakistan
Khan, A.
Kunming University of Science and Technology Yunnan, China
Gilgit-Baltistan has tremendous amount of gemstone wealth and thousands of miners are busy to explore this wealth, but due to unscientific and crude mining methods this mineral wealth goes into waste in many ways, like fractures, damages and total destructions of gemstone due to ill blasting methods and lack of proper training. Gemstone mining is done in all districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. According to a careful survey in July 2007, 32 types of Gemstones (Precious and Semiprecious) are found in GB, out of total production of gemstones produced in Pakistan 95% come from GB. According to this survey there are more than 2000 mines which produce different variety of gemstones and numbers of miners involved in this mining industry directly or indirectly are more than 25000. Due to these crude and unscientific mining methods, improper camps without hygienic facilities, lack of proper mining equipment, lack of basic health facilities and safety tools and lack of mining equipment repairing facilities at mining sites, number of problems are arising. These problems include damage to the fauna and flora in mining areas, damage to the eco system due to blasting and flow of people; mountains are becoming vulnerable due to improper mines development, glaciers melting due to use of thermal generators, spreading of human filth and waste like plastic and at last polluting of the water. This research is based on the mitigation of all these problems to some extent. The damage to the fauna and flora may be reduced by controlling spreading of human filth and waste, controlled blasting may be done by using modern blasting techniques, proper mines of international standard may be developed by enforcing the mining rules, use of thermal generators may be prohibited by developing small hydro projects at sites and at last pollution of water may be controlled by training people to adopt the cleanliness drives time to time and equipment repairing facilities at sites as well.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2019-12-23 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/57
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 4 (2019)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/168
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"230708 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF MASK IN BINARY FOUR-POINT SUBDIVISION SCHEME
Mukhtar, Uzma
Department of Mathematics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Rehan, Kashif
Department of Mathematics, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
A unique binary four-point approximating subdivision scheme has been developed in which one part of binary formula have stationary mask and other part have the non-stationary mask. The resulting curves have the smoothness of C3 continuous for the wider range of shape control parameter. The role of the parameter has been depicted using the square form of discrete control points.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/168
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/76
2021-08-10T19:49:21Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"201229 2020 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
DAMMING HUNZA RIVER BY MASSIVE ATTABAD LANDSLIDE, STORY OF A RISK MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE FROM HUNZA, PAKISTAN
Karim, D.
Department of Emergency Management, Aga Khan Agency for Habitat, Gilgit, Pakistan
Karim, I.
Department of Emergency Management, Aga Khan Agency for Habitat, Gilgit, Pakistan
Daveel, S.
Department of Emergency Management, Aga Khan Agency for Habitat, Gilgit, Pakistan
Khan, A.
Kunming University of Sciences and Technology, Yunnan China
The mountainous region of northern Pakistan is seismically active as Indian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Various geological phenomena are active due to the mountain building and landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters in the Karakoram range. The northern part of Pakistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, falling in this region is no exception to that. Attabad was a remote village situated on the right bank of Hunza River at a ground distance of almost 125 km from Gilgit city. The area falls into Darkut-Karakoram metamorphic complex composed of granites, granodiorite, and gneiss. A devastating landslide occurred on 4th January 2010, as mode of circular failure which blocked the Hunza River forming a lake behind. The debris material hit the opposite rock cliff, due to narrow gorge the landslide mass travelled downstream 1.5km with huge debris surges, hitting 8 houses in lower Attabad which came under rubble and 19 people died. Aga Khan Agency for Habitat previously FOCUS Pakistan developed an inventory of active landslides across the KKH in Hunza in 2000-2001, however this landslide was not identified. Later in 2002 after the Astore earthquake initial cracks developed at the top of the slope. The 8th October Kashmir earthquake destabilized and U-shaped demarcation appeared across the slope. Anthropogenic activities like irrigation of lands, seepage of water from rain and snow melt water further destabilized the land. Finally, an earthquake in November 2009 in Hindukush region triggered the landslide and brittle failure occurred on 4th January 2010.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2020-12-29 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/76
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 5 (2020)
eng
Disaster Management
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/140
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"220516 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 VACCINATIONS: KARACHI AS A CASE STUDY
Hassan, Danish
Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Karachi Pakistan
Raza, Usama
Department of Textile & Clothing, National Textile University Karachi Campus
Malick, Zaubaria
Department of Textile & Clothing, National Textile University Karachi Campus
Bakar, Abu
Department of Textile & Clothing, National Textile University Karachi Campus
Khan, Hamza
Department of Textile and Clothing National Textile University Karachi Campus, Karachi Pakistan
Khan, Muhammad Danish
Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Sciences and Technology (SZEBIST), Pakistan
Javed, Kashif
Department of Textile & Clothing, National Textile University Karachi Campus
The entire world has started to vaccinate their respective countries' citizens to get rid of COVID-19 from their country. Likewise other countries, Pakistan has also started the vaccination process for its citizens and unlike the rest of the world, there have been different types of vaccines in Pakistan with different manufacturers and with different immunity booster levels. Through statistical analysis of vaccination in this research paper, we have tried to understand the diverse level of vaccines in Karachi and tried to get an understanding of the vaccination process happening in Karachi. For this kind of research, we have maintained the questionnaire and spread it through emails, WhatsApp, and Facebook. The questionnaire was sent to about 500 people from July to August 2021. The results obtained depict the satisfaction of the vaccination process with normal side effects. Unlike other countries, Pakistan is among the countries where the mass vaccination process has always been very difficult to conduct. Further using the data of seven stations for prediction purposes Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models were constructed. A better future trend analysis of COVID-19 can be observed using these constructed models. The data for the time series modeling from, 1st January 2021 to 25 August 2021, was taken from National Command and Control (NCOC) Pakistan.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/140
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/11
2021-08-10T19:42:54Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
SUSTAINABLE DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE HIMALAYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
Bajracharya, R. M.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University
Atreya, K.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University
Raut, N.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University
Shrestha, H. L.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University
Gautam, D. K.
Nepal Agroforestry Foundation, Koteshwor, Kathmandu
Dahal, N. R.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University
The soil and land resources play a vital role in sustaining the local livelihoods of rural communities in the Himalaya. Most of the arable land has already been brought under cultivation, hence the ever-increasing demand for food and fiber has left farmers with no choice but to intensify agriculture. However, producing more crops and greater quantities of food, fiber and other materials on the same parcel of land can to soil fertility and productivity decline with overall degradation of land quality. Therefore, ways and means to intensify agriculture to enhance productivity without degrading the soil and land resource base have become imperative. Agro-forestry, agro-slivi-pastoral systems, and the adoption of a variety of crop, soil and water management and conservation practices offer potential to deliver multiple benefits without sacrificing the very resource upon which the human population depends. Presented herein are findings on approaches to sustainable intensification of agriculture and land management related to soil OM management and C sequestration for multiple benefits, and, agro-forestry as a crop diversification strategy with both livelihood, and climate change adaptation/mitigation benefits. The results indicate that sustainable soil management practices could lead to significant SOC accumulations (4-8 t/ha over 6 yrs). SOC and soil C stocks tend to increase with elevation due to cooler climate and slow decomposition rates. Carbon stocks for the 3 LU types was in the order CF>AF/LH>AG, suggesting that diversified cropping practices including agro-forestry have good potential sequester C while providing livelihood opportunities and climate adaptive capacity for local farming communities. Biochar amendment increased growth of both coffee plants and radish with mixed grass/weed biochar being most effective. Biochar application also significantly decreased emission of GHGs, especially N2O.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/11
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/98
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"211225 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS PAB FORMATION, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD- THRUST- BELT, PAKISTAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROVENANCE AND PALEO-WEATHERING
Ahmed, Farooq
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Kasi, Aimal Khan
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Mohibullah, M.
Department of Geology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Manan, Razzaq Abdul
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Late Cretaceous sandstone succession of the Pab Formation in western Sulaiman Fold Thrust belt Pakistan was investigated for petrology and bulk rock chemistry to determine its source terrain, paleo-weathering and tectonic setting. The formation is mainly comprised of sandstone with reddish to maroon color shale and arenaceous limestone. Texturally, the sandstone is fine to coarse grained, sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately to well sorted. The sandstone is petrologically and geochemically classified as quartz arenite to sub lithic arenite. The detritus was mainly derived from plutonic acidic source. QtFL and QmFLt suggests that recycled orogeny and Craton Interior setting were major sources of sediments. Geochemical models support that the detritus was derived from quartzose sedimentary source terrain, suggest deposition in a passive continental margin setting. Average values of chemical indices are CIA 59% CIW 67% and CIV 12.70%, which suggest moderate to high degree of chemical weathering in source area, that may reflect humid climate condition in the source area. The petrographic study and geochemical models demonstrate that the Pab Formation is mostly composed of mature sandstone from acidic plutonic and low-grade metamorphic rocks terrain in recycled and Craton Interior setting deposited on western passive margin of Indian plate in Tethys Ocean.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/98
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/177
2024-01-13T13:07:51Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"240113 2024 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
THE COMPARATIVE DEPOSITIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF MANCHHAR FORMATION (SIWALIK GROUP), SOUTHERN INDUS BASIN, PAKISTAN
Hakro, Asghar A. A. D.
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Halepoto, Aijaz Ali
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Samtio, Muhammad Soomar
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Rajpar, Riaz Hussain
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Mastoi, Abdul Shakoor
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Lashari, Rafique Ahmed
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Rahoo, Mushtaque Ahmed
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Present study is carried out for detailed description, distribution and interpretation of lithofacies and textural analysis of Manchhar Formation from Gaj River, Manchhar Lake and Lal Bagh Sections of Southern Indus Basin Pakistan. Four different clastic lithofacies are identified during present study, which are conglomeratic sandstone (Gt), shale (Fm), fine to coarse grain flat bedded sandstone (Sh) and fine to coarse grain trough cross-bedded sandstone (St). These Facies suggest that Manchhar Formation is deposited in the Beach to shallow agitated water and fluvial system. Twenty-nine (29) unconsolidated loose and friable sandstone samples were selected for textural analysis. Grain-size parameters such as mean, median, standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis were used for transport history, mode and hydrodynamic energy condition to recognize the depositional environment. Stewart Diagram shows deltaic/wave water process takes active role under the influence of wave process. Linear discriminant functions analysis show that the fluvial environment of deposition dominates and influences shallows water and beach environment. Passega diagram reveals that transport mode was rolling and suspension by the tractive current that shows the fluvio-deltaic to deltaic wave with the influence of wave depositional environment of Miocene-Pliocene (Neogene) Manchhar Formation.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2024-01-13 18:07:51
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/177
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 9 (2024): In progress
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/62
2021-08-10T19:46:21Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"191223 2019 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIZED CHEMICALLY REACTIVE FLUID FLOW PAST OVER POROUS STRETCHED SHEET
Haq, F.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
Rahman, M. U.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
Hussain, S.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
The aim of this article to inspect the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation, heat joule, viscous dissipation and magnetic field on viscoelastic second grade fluid. Flow is generated due to stretching of sheet. Flow features are studied considering hydrodynamic boundary conditions. Chemical reaction on the surface is further accounted. The flow governing nonlinear partial system of differential equations is obtained incorporating boundary layer assumptions. The dimensional model is made dimensionless by taking suitable transformations and then tackled via HAM for convergent series solution. Effects of flow controlling parameters on velocity, concentration, temperature, local skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number and Nusselt numbers are discussed by plotting graphs. Main observations are listed at the end.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2019-12-23 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/62
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 4 (2019)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/146
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"221203 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
GIS-BASED HIGH-RESOLUTION GEOLOGICAL MAP (SCALE 1:50,000): A NEW WINDOW INTO STRUCTURAL DOMAINS OF THE QUETTA AND SURROUNDING AREAS
Ahmed, Nisar
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan
Kassi, Akhter Muhammad
University of Balochistan
Kasi, Aimal Khan
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan
Sohail, Khawar
Geological Survey of Pakistan
Asif, Muhammad
Department Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan
Naeem, Abdul
Geological Survey of Pakistan
Panezai, Muhammad
University of Balochistan
The Quetta and surrounding areas are part of the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates, named as Kirthar and Sulaiman Fold-Thrust belts. The collision is accommodated by folding, thrusting and the Nushki-Chaman Transform Fault System. Detailed high-resolution (scale 1:50,000) mapping and structural analyses were carried out using modern remote-sensing techniques of the ArcGIS to understand mutual relationships of the structural patterns and geometries, and the regional and local stress patterns in the study area. Fieldwork was carried out to acquire the stratigraphic, structural and geomorphological data, using topographic maps and satellite images as base maps in order to plot additional information and further incorporate them in the GIS-based map. Balanced structural cross-sections were also prepared along the selected lines using ArcGIS techniques. Based on new mapping, the understudy area has been subdivided into five distinct structural domains. These domains are classified as; Domain I: broad syncline intervened by a narrow anticline; Domain II: upright folds and thrusts; Domain III: tight, over-turned thrust zone; Domain IV: flysch and molasse successions of Paleocene-Holocene age; and Domain V: suture belt (ophiolites) and associated mélanges and sediments.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/146
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
Quetta and Surrounding area, Baluchistan, Pakistan.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/25
2021-08-10T19:44:35Z
JMAR:M
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
DETERMINATION OF DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LEVEL FROM SELECTED AREAS OF RAWALPINDI, PAKISTAN
Pervez, S.
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (IESE, NUST), Islamabad
Siddique, M. S.
Abdullah, H. Y.
Zahra, A.
Khanzada, N. K.
Fareed, H.
Hasnain, G.
Array
Anthropogenic contaminants arising from both stationary (power plants, industries and residential heating) and mobile sources (road traffic) can harm ambient air quality in urban areas. Depending upon their physical state, these pollutants are classified as liquid and vapor phases and are subsequently transported to the Earth’s surface through dry and wet deposition. After the deposition of these pollutants onto the surface of earth various health effects caused by these pollutants occurred like cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. In this study four different locations/sites were selected from the Rawalpindi city depending upon the population, traffic rush and industries to examine the noise level, concentration of carbon dioxide and heavy metals. Air sampler was used for the collection of air sample to analyze the heavy metal concentration, Quest electronic sound meter for measuring sound level and SIBATA for CO2 measurement. The study findings revealed that noise level was higher at all selected locations as described by WHO limit (70 dB) being highest at Industrial area due to heavy machinery and lowest at green area. Concentration of all four heavy metals were high as compared with the prescribed limits. CO2 level reaches up to 300 ppm because of coal consumption during the winter season. The threshold values of all these selected parameters well above the prescribed limits defined by the authorities so to combat with this situation we should move towards more energy efficient fuels, proper maintenance of vehicles and machineries, traffic management and installation of noise barriers in industries as well as installation of catalytic convertors in vehicles to stop further air pollution.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/25
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/112
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"220328 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
MICROFACIES STUDIES OF THE JURASSIC TAKATU FORMATION, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD-THRUST BELT, PAKISTAN
Kakar, Saboor
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Manan, Abdul Razzaq
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Kasi, Aimal Khan
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Farooqui, Muhammad Ahmad
COMSAT Institute of Information Technology, Defense Road off Rawalpindi Road, Lahore
Takatu Formation is well exposed in the western Sulaiman Fold- Thrust Belt, Pakistan. It has an unconformable upper contact with Sembar Formation which is marked by oxidized surface and lower contact with Triassic Wulgai Formation. The Takatu Formation contains a wide variety of limestones, which are fine to coarse grained, palatal, lumpy, skeletal, micritic, nodular, oolitic, and intraclastic. The Takatu Formation is mainly carbonate-litho package with minor siliciclastic content interbedded as shale and marls. The petrography of limestone allowed the differentiation and demonstrated of four major and sub microfacies types. These includes, Mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone and Grainstone microfacies, which are further sub-divided into five microfacies such as, Bioclastic wackstone, Calcispheric packstone, Peloidal packstone, Ooidal grainstone, and Lithoclastic grainstone. These microfacies were compared with standard microfacies and standard zones for their possible depositional environments. On the bases of our studies, it is interpreted that Takatu Formation was deposited in diverse environment ranging from the marginal shallow shelf, upper slope and in deeper parts of the shelf.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/112
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/7
2021-08-10T19:41:20Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CHANGE ON THE PROPERTIES OF TOP SOIL OF DECIDUOUS SAL FOREST IN BANGLADESH
Kashem, M. A.
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Ahmed, A.
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Hoque, S.
Department of soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Hossain, M. Z.
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
This study examined the effects of land use change on the physico-chemical properties of top soil in the deciduous Sal forest of Bangladesh. Relatively less disturbed Sal (Shorea robusta Roxb. Ex Gaertn.) forest stands and the nearby stands those were converted into Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis Benth.) plantation and pineapple (Ananus comosus (L.) Merr.) cultivation were selected to examine the effects of land use change on soil properties. For each land use type, soil samples were collected from 4 locations, 50m distant from each other, as replicates. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm depths. Soil moisture content, conductivity, pH organic C, total N and total P were determined as soil properties. Leaf litter of Sal, Acacia and pineapple was incubation for 90 and 180 days in independent identical soil in order to examine the effects of plant species through leaf litter on the soil chemical nutrient (N and P) status. Data showed that soil moisture content, conductivity and pH were significantly affected by land use but not by depth. However, soil organic C was affected by both land-use type (P< 0.02) and soil depth (P< 0.003), although no significant interactions appeared between these two factors. Soil total N and P did not differ between land use types but by depth and, N and P contents decreased with the increase of depth. Rates of nutrients (N and P) released from Sal, Acacia and pineapple did not differ significantly among them during incubation. Results of the present study reveal that properties of the top soil of the Madhupur Sal forest are different in their responses to the varying land uses. The findings of this study are thus relevant for the sustainable management of the deciduous Sal forest ecosystems.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/7
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/91
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"210712 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SORAP MASSIF GABBROS, RAS-KOH OPHIOLITE, BALOCHISTAN, WESTERN PAKISTAN
Mohammad, Ali
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Kashani, Abdul Ghaffar
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Ullah, Inayat
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Kakar, M. Ishaq
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Murad, Fida
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
This study discussed the Sorap Massif which is the ophiolitic fragment composed of the upper mantle and lower crustal section of an ophiolitic sequence. An ophiolitic sequence in Sorap Massif consists of harzburgite, dunite, large distant units of serpentinized wehrlite intrusion and outcrop of confined layered gabbro covered by the Quaternary sand dunes. The basal part of gabbroic intrusion is in contact with mantle rocks and the upper part is juxtaposed with the Kuchakki Volcanic Group. On outcrop-level and in hand specimen, the gabbros exhibit needle-like ferromagnesian minerals including hornblende associated with plagioclase and pyroxene. Petrographically the gabbros are classified into norite, gabbro norite and gabbro. The mineral constituents of norite are plagioclase, orthopyroxene and amphibole, gabbro norite is consists of equal constituents of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole and the gabbro is composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole. The high constituents of minerals such as pyroxene, amphibole and low constituents of olivine in the Sorap gabbros indicates that these gabbros are formed by the immature part of the oceanic plate with dehydration of the oceanic plate subduction.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/91
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/180
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"231109 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF SANDS UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING
Safdar, Muhammad
Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Shah, Syed Haseeb
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Qureshi, Hamza Ahmad
Department of Civil Engineering, Cecos University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
Waseem, Muhammad
Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Mahmood, Khalid
Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology (SUIT) Peshawar, Pakistan
This paper presents the drained and undrained behavior of soils using a modified version of the original cam clay constitutive model. The strain hardening behavior of soils is one of the major challenges in geotechnical engineering. The constitutive equations are numerically integrated over fixed time steps to apply effective stress to the derived elastoplastic soil model. Convergence of solution is controlled by a constitutive relation, namely the associated flow rule. This study provides step by step Python and octave programs to solve for q"-" p by solving the associated non-linear system. The problem is formulated by assuming small strains in the elastic region and large strains in the plastic region. The transition from over-consolidated to normally consolidated states is predicted to be smooth by this elastoplastic model. The model is recognized and solved as a boundary value problem with only two effective stress variables namely q"-" p which is an approximation of three-dimensional invariants.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/180
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/65
2021-08-10T19:48:34Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"201229 2020 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
OPTIMIZATION OF THE CROPPING PATTERN IN CENTRAL YASIN DISTRICT GHIZER, GILGIT-BALTISTAN
Haq, F.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karokoram International University Gilgit
Ali, E.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karokoram International University Gilgit
Hussain, S.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Karokoram International University Gilgit
In this research study Linear Programming (LP) Model is applied to determine the maximum profit from the three major crops (wheat, maize and alfalfa) in Central Yasin District Ghizer, where agriculture is the main source of income, however, due to population growth the agricultural land is used to construct buildings, which has minimized the land for agricultural use. In such a challenging condition a method to suggest the cultivation of a maximum profitable crop is the need of time. Therefore, LP model is an appropriate method to decide the profitable crop and to maximize the profit. The study was conducted employing quantitative method of research, with the purpose to compare the maximum profit per annum from the major crops, and to determine the beneficial crop among the three major crops in Central Yasin. All the farmers of the study area who grow the crops were the target population of the study and samples from the target population were selected using random sampling technique. Data was collected by conducting survey in the study area, where self-made questionnaires were distributed among the samples individually and responses were noted on the spot. The raw data is organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel for LP model formulation. The result showed that the average land used for the cultivation of wheat, maize and alfalfa in the study area is 0.924 acres, 0.664 acres and 0.75 acres respectively. Furthermore, results of the LP model showed that alfalfa is the optimal solution rather than wheat and maize, and it (alfalfa) gives an average annual net profit of Rs.195634.488.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2020-12-29 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/65
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 5 (2020)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/143
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"220519 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DURABILITY AND STRENGTH OF SANDSTONE AND SHALE OF UNITED MINERAL COAL COMPANY SOR-RANGE, BALOCHISTAN
Ahmed, Tufail
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta
Rehman, Syed Hafeez Ur
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta
Ibupoto, Fahim Ahmed
Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta
Abbas, Asif
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta
Ullah, Sami
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta
Hussain, Abbas
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta
Usman, Shehzad
Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta
Mining operations deal mainly with hard and soft rocks with different mechanical properties and varying strengths. The aim of the slake durability test is to present an index related to degradation resistance of rock when exposed to standard cycles of wetting and drying. Research in geology and rock mechanics is done to explain the influence of the rock index properties in determining the strength, durability and pulse velocity of the rock. This paper enlightens the prediction of the rock’s behavior and nature of the degradation of rocks The index values obtained for sandstone are varying from 97.36 to 99.04% and for shale it ranges from 10.21 to 14.06%. The slake durability index test for sandstone sample indicates that it is high durable and the shale indicates very low durability. The average value of uniaxial compressive strength was calculated to be 83.144 MPa.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/143
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
Earth Sciences
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/12
2021-08-10T19:43:11Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON MOUNTAIN BIODIVERSITY: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GILGIT-BALTISTAN OF PAKISTAN
Ishaq, S.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Khan, M. Z.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Begum, F.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Hussain, K.
Forest, Wildlife and Environment Department of Gilgit-Baltistan
Amir, R.
Pakistan Institute of development economics Islam Abad
Hussain, A.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Ali, S.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Climate Change is not a stationary phenomenon; it moves from time to time, it represents a major threat to mountainous biodiversity and to ecosystem integrity. The present study is an attempt to identify the current knowledge gap and the effects of climate change on mountainous biodiversity, a special reference to the Gilgit-Baltistan is briefly reviewed. Measuring the impact of climate change on mountain biodiversity is quite challenging, because climate change interacts with every phenomenon of ecosystem. The scale of this change is so large and very adverse so strongly connected to ecosystem services, and all communities who use natural resources. This study aims to provide the evidences on the basis of previous literature, in particular context to mountain biodiversity of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan have most fragile ecosystem and are more vulnerable to climate change. These mountains host variety of wild fauna and flora, with many endangered species of the world. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of literature we studied because very little research has been conducted in Gilgit-Baltistan about climate change particular to biodiversity. Recommendations are made for increased research efforts in future this including jointly monitoring programs, climate change models and ecological research. Understanding the impact of climate change particular to biodiversity of GB is very important for sustainable management of these natural resources. The Government organizations, NGOs and the research agencies must fill the knowledge gap, so that it will help them for policy making, which will be based on scientific findings and research based.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/12
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/109
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"211225 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
AN ENHANCED WAVELET BASED METHOD FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HIGH ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Haq, Sirajul
Department of Mathematics and Statistics Bacha Khan University Charsadda
Sohaib, Muhammad
Department of Mathematics and Statistics Bacha Khan University Charsadda
The Legendre wavelet collocation method (LWCM) is suggested in this study for solving high-order boundary value problems numerically. Eighth, tenth, and twelfth-order examples are used as test problems to ensure that the technique is efficient and accurate. In comparison to other approaches, the numerical results obtained using LWCM demonstrate that the method's accuracy is very good. The results indicate that the method requires less computational effort to achieve better results.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/109
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/155
2024-02-11T13:09:53Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"240211 2024 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
STRATIGRAPHY, PETROLOGY AND FACIES ASSOCIATIONS OF THE QUATERNARY SPIN KAREZ GROUP, HANNA-SPIN KAREZ AREA, QUETTA DISTRICT, PAKISTAN
Kasi, Muhammed Iqbal
Department of Geology, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Manan, Razzaq Abdul
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Kassi, Akhtar Muhammad
Department of Geology, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Kasi, Aimal Khan
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Naseer, Muhammed
Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences
The Hanna-Spin Karez area which comprises the Quaternary succession of the Spin Karez Group is located adjacent to the junction of Sulaiman and Kirthar Fold-Thrust Belts (Quetta Syntaxes), southwest of the Zarghun Trough in the northwestern Balochistan, Pakistan. The area comprises over 800 m thick conformable succession of the Quaternary age, covering surface area of ~30 km2. The succession has been named as the Spin Karez Group, which are further subdivide from base to top into three distinct lithostratigraphic units as: Hanna Lake Conglomerate, Hanna Red Clays and Spin Karez Conglomerate. The Hanna Lake Conglomerate comprises 200 m thick succession of boulder-pebble conglomerate. The Hanna Red Clays comprise over 500 m thick succession of dominantly red claystone rarely interbedded with siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone. The Spin Karez Conglomerate is composed of over 100 m thick succession of well-stratified and moderately- to well-sorted cobble/pebble conglomerate with occasional sandstone/siltstone lenses. The Triassic to Pliocene age older successions from the region's north and west provided the polymictic conglomerate, boulder to pebble size limestone, sandstone, chert, and conglomerate fragments. The Spin Karez Group comprises 15 types of gravel, sandstone and mudstone facies, which were grouped into 5 facies associations. The facies associations include braided channel deposits (FA-1), sheet-flood deposits (FA-2), floodplain deposits (FA-3), marginal lacustrine deposits (FA-4) and open-water lacustrine deposits (FA-5). The Spin Karez group evolved in three phases: i) Deposition of the Hanna Lake conglomerate started with the proximal and distal braided channel systems in the northern and southern parts of the study area respectively; ii) Deposition of the Hanna Red clays deposited in shallow lake with episodic sub-aerial exposure, providing reddish colour to the mud-dominant facies; iii) The depositional basin, once again, transformed to braided channel system, of the Spin Karez conglomerate, which evolved over the shallow water lake deposits of the Hanna Red clays. The Spin Karez group was mainly controlled by continued subsidence and regional tectonics during the Quaternary period that accommodated the space for the small shallow basin (~30 km2) that stacked depositional systems.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2024-01-13 18:07:51
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/155
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 9 (2024): In progress
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/73
2021-08-10T19:46:44Z
JMAR:Phy.+%26+Mat.+Sc.
"191223 2019 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
REVIEW OF USE OF NANO MATERIAL IN MODIFYING THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Jan, Irfan U.
National Center of Excellence in Geology, Peshawar Pakistan
Modern technologies have affected all fields of human activities. Traditionally nanotechnologies deal with material having a dimension in the range of one billionth of a meter or 100 Nano meter in size. It has been widely used in natural sciences and biomedical sciences in the fields like microbiology, medicine, electronic, chemical, and materials sciences. The application of nontechnology and Nano material in Civil Engineering is still under active research in the areas of Concrete Technology, Construction management, water purification systems, Properties of Concrete at early ages and use of modern polymers in producing High Performance Concrete (HPC). The use of Nano material to produce relatively sustainable concrete represents a promising area of research in Nano material. In this paper the State of the Art of application of Nanotechnologies to Civil Engineering and its future prospects with special reference to sustainability in construction.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2019-12-23 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/73
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 4 (2019)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/175
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"230429 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
MHD STAGNATION POINT FLOW WITH THERMAL RADIATION AND SLIP EFFECT OVER A LINEAR STRETCHING SHEET
Yashkun, Ubaidullah
Department of Mathematics, Sukkur IBA University Sukkur, Sindh Pakistan
Zaimi, Khairy
Faculty of Applied Human and Sciences, Boundary Layer Research Group, Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
Ali Lund, Liaquat
School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
This research investigates the flow of stagnation point magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and heat transfer along the stretched sheet in the existence of radiation and slip effects. With the help of similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The BVP4C technique in Matlab function has been used to simplify the governing ODEs. The numerical outcomes for temperature and velocity profiles, coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt Number have been achieved and matched with the findings in literature. The findings are compared to previously reported results. In addition, the impacts of numerous related parameters on the profiles of velocity and temperature are shown, and the results of every related parameter are presented using graphs. The velocity profile decreases as the magnetic force, suction, and permeability parameters rise.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/175
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/31
2021-08-10T19:53:50Z
JMAR:Math.+Sc.
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
AN EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO ANALYZE BIG DATA
Yashkun, U.
Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sindh Pakistan.
Akram, W.
Memon, I. A.
An efficient and cost-effective piecewise mathematical model is presented to represent a descriptive huge data mathematically. The techniques of function lines as decision boundaries are applied to incorporate the big data of the organization into slope intercept form. Which may be very helpful for a better understanding of discrete data to obtain sustainable and accurate results. Based on the boundaries limitation results of the collected data of the Federal Board of Revenue, the income tax against the income is studied. And finally the reliability of piecewise function to optimize the role of strategic management in any organization is investigated. The results showed that, the slope rate measured in the boundaries of income in percentage or increased slope rate is in good agreement with that predicted by the organization in descriptive form.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/31
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/152
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"220420 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
PETROGRAPHIC AND SEM-EDX CHARACTERIZATION OF MAFIC-FELSIC PLUTONIC ROCKS OF WASHAPI KAUR WESTERN RASKOH ARC, PAKISTAN
Iqbal, Jafer
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
Ullah, Inayat
University of Balochistan, Quetta
Razzaq, Abdul Manan
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
Ghaffar, Abdul
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
Murad, Fida
Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
Ahmed, Jalil
Department of Geology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
The Washapi Kaur plutonic rocks is located at the western part of the Ras-Koh arc, Pakistan, and intruded in the Cretaceous to Paleocene rock sequences. This complex consists of two main magma series, mafic to intermediate, forming small gabbro and diorite intrusions and felsic comprising granitic rock units. Gabbro consists of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole, and biotite and displays in-equigranular poikilitic texture. Diorites present porphyritic texture and mainly composed of plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole, quartz, and biotite with minor constituents of clinopyroxene. Granites are comprised of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. The field features, petrographic and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) suggest that the magmatic activity in the Washapi Kaur formed as the initial mantle-melt magma derived from mafic to the intermediate source. Later, the melt interacted with slab-derived hydrous fluids in a continental arc setting.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/152
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/8
2021-08-10T19:41:47Z
JMAR:M
"160827 2016 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL IN VILLAGE DINGI, DISTRICT HARIPUR
Asghar, K.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Pakistan
Hussain, A.
Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Malik, Z.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Pakistan
Asghar, A.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Pakistan
Bibi, A.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Pakistan
The present report is an outcome of research work conducted in Dingi village, District Haripur in 2012. The research aimed to assess and analyze the effects of industrial effluents on the soil fertility of the village, investigate contributing factors responsible for soil pollution and underlying causes creating the problems. Data analysis revealed that area had problems pertaining to water and soil quality. The key factors affecting soil fertility were the careless discharge of the untreated industrial effluents from Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE) into the natural stream passing through village. The results were compared with the soil standards set by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and European Committee Commission (ECC) and all of these were exceeding the permissible limits and affecting the soil fertility. The soils were found not fit for agriculture. The investigation highlighted the need to take some effective steps to manage the monitoring program set for checking of industries by the government according to set rules and regulation.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2016-08-27 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/8
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 1 (2016)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/85
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"210801 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
3D MODELING AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULING OF KHEWRA SALT MINES
Iqbal, Azghar
Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation
In this study, AutoCAD based 3D Modelling of production scheduling, visualization of mining, and geological features in Khewra Salt Mines are showing. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), photogrammetry and GIS Softwares are used to generate 3D surface modelling of Khewra Salt Mining Area. Khewra Salt Mines is the oldest and largest mine of sub-continent in the Salt Range with huge salt reserves from industrial quality to piece grade. Being a state-of-the-art mine consisting of 17 levels, 70 chambers with hundreds of tunnels, a layman pattern of development and manual mining procedure is followed with handy-made planes and maps. Hundreds of levels and cross-section maps were unified to a single 3D Model, presenting all mining features like tunnels, chambers, levels, inclines, and geological deposition of different salt seams with their thickness and qualities, overburden, and surface feature. The quantity of salt excavated since the beginning of mining is calculated for corroboration, and the remaining amounts of different qualities of salt are determined from the model. 3D topographic Modelling can also be used for area, volume calculations, and planning of remedial actions for rainwater inundations inside the mine.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/85
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/185
2024-01-13T13:04:38Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"231109 2023 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
GRADUAL CHANGES IN SNOW PEAKS IN UPPER INDUS BASIN, PAKISTAN: A GOOGLE EARTH BASED REVIEW
Butt, Asim Qayyum
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0009-0000-0552-2703
Shangguan, Donghui
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Da, Li
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Khan, Amjad Ali
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Tan, Yulong
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Mukhtar, Muhammad Ahsan
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Muhammad, Ali
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Afzal, Muhammad
Xinjiang institute of ecology and geography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
Butt, Faizan Khalid
5Department of Civil Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan
Ali, Liaqat
6Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
The hydrology and climate of mid to high-latitude mountainous areas are significantly impacted by snow cover. Since adding or removing snow cover significantly impacts the snowpack’s capacity to operate as a reservoir for water storage, the snowfall-dominated basins of mid- to higher latitudes are anticipated to see the largest shifts in the hydrological cycle because of global warming. By moving the time slider in the historical imagery feature of Google Earth Pro, the Upper Indus Basin study area was examined from the years 1984 to 2020 to track changes in the snow cover. All observations were made with longitude and latitude at 35o, 34', 51.79" N and 74o, 34', 24.21" E, and the eye altitude at 344.46 miles. Google Earth captured pictures of all the observations on December 31st of every year. The data from 1984 to 2020 was examined keenly, and it was observed that as time goes on, global warming is showing its effects and producing climate changes, which has a negative impact on the region's snow and glacier availability. The Landsat images make it abundantly evident that the lower areas of the upper Indus Basin's snow cover are more negatively impacted than the downstream side areas due to the variation in altitude. The authors also referred to the research work by other researchers in the study to compare with their work. The study observed that some areas were utterly showing no snow in 2020 as compared to 1984 as time moved on with an increase in global warming in 36 years.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/185
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 8 (2023)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/66
2021-08-10T19:49:39Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"201229 2020 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
EVOLUTION OF KARAKORAM SEQUENCE, HUNZA VALLEY NE PAKISTAN: EVIDENCES FROM FIELD MAPPING AND MICRO-ANALYTICAL WORK
Baig, S. S.
Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
Xue, C.
Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
Alam, Masroor
China university of Geo Sciences Beijing China
Ullah, Naeem
Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
Alam, M.
Government Degree College Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Hussain, S. A.
Chinese Academy of Sciences Qinghai China
The Karakoram metamorphic Complex (KMC) in the southern Karakoram block is one of the best examples of Barrovian type metamorphism that comprises numerous exhumed metapelite units where a series of low to high grade (green schist to sillimanite facie) rocks are exposed. This sequence shows a complex polyphase history of metamorphism and deformation which offer deeper understanding of collision orogeny. Karakoram metamorphic Complex contains metapelites, meta-carbonates, meta-igneous and amphibolite layers, cross-cut by granite sheets in the northern part. This complex is bounded to the north by the Hunza plutonic unit which is the central portion of the massive east-west trending Karakoram axial batholith and to the southwest by the Main Karakoram thrust (MKT). In this contribution, we provide detail geological mapping, petrography, geochemistry and micro-analytical work using Electron Prob-micro analysis in the central Hunza Valley.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2020-12-29 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/66
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 5 (2020)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/162
2023-03-11T22:19:03Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"221011 2022 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
INVESTIGATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY AND CHEMICAL GEOTHERMOMETERS: A STUDY OF THE MANGHOPIR HOT SPRING KARACHI, SINDH PAKISTAN
Jamali, Muhammad Afzal
University of Sindh Jamshoro
Agheem, Mhammad Hassan
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Lashari, Rafique Ahmed
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Markhand, Akhtar Hussain
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Arain, Asfand Yar Wali
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Ahmed, Hasib
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
zain, Wahid Bux alias
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Electrical resistivity survey and chemical geothermometers methods were used to find the geothermal gradient energy potential of the Manghopir hot spring which is located in Karachi, Sindh. Schlumberger electrode configurations were used to demarcate the two shallow potential subsurface aquifers. At various depths, three lithological units were encountered: alluvium, sandstone, and shale. The first thermal water aquifer lies below at the average depth of 10m and average thickness of 9 m lies in sandstone lithology of Nari Formation of Oligocene age. The second thermal water aquifer encountered at the average depth of 68 m and the average thickness of aquifer was 40.5m in sandstone lithology of Nari Formation. The surface water temperature was calculated with digital thermometer which shows the range in between 48 °C to 50 °C and subsurface temperature was calculated with the help of chemical geothermometers. The Na–K geothermometers indicate the subsurface equilibrium reservoir temperature in the range of 135.52 °C,125.54 °C, 172.964 °C and 184.08°C and the Na-K-Ca chemical geothermometers indicate the subsurface reservoir temperature 148.493°C. The Na-K-Ca geothermometers show a high temperature, but the reservoir temperature appears to be lower due to the mixing of sea water with the chemical composition of hot spring water within the subsurface aquifers.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2022-12-31 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/162
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 7 (2022)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/21
2021-08-10T19:44:00Z
JMAR:M
"170807 2017 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
ASSESSMENT OF TEMPORAL FLOW VARIABILITY OF THE KABUL RIVER
Arfan, M.
World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan
Makhdum, A. H.
Nabi, G.
Array
Water resources estimation under changing flow regimes is required for planning and smooth distribution of water to provinces. Since the hydrological parameters are changing significantly due to climate change, the changes in the pattern of flow regimes are definite. The objective of present study was to assess the spatial and temporal hydro variability of Indus basin. The data of Kabul river at Nowshera before its confluence with Indus river were collected from Surface water Hydrology Project (SWHP), WAPDA. The seasons were divided as three and six month keeping in view the hydrological cycle. Trends and variation were investigated by applying the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s method. The presence of trends tested at different significant level, 99.9%, 95% and 90%. The overall analysis indicates that there is more flow variation on seasonal basis as compared to the annual basis. The Kabul river showed decreasing trend in the maximum mean annual discharge, whereas the minimum mean annual discharge showed increasing trend. It was concluded that Kabul river showed decreasing trend in annual mean and maximum discharge, whereas annual minimum discharge showed increasing trend. It was also noticed that Kabul river mean minimum discharge time series decreased during 1961-1985, whereas it increased during 1986-2010. It was also found that annual mean and maximum discharge decreasing rate was greater during 1986-2010. It was further concluded that each decade experienced one or two years of both dry and wet periods and that 2000-2004 was the driest period in the history of Kabul River.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2017-08-07 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/21
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 2 (2017)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/121
2021-12-30T15:10:10Z
JMAR:Earth+Sc.
"211227 2021 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
FRACTURE ANALYSIS AND RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF EXPOSED EOCENE SUCCESSIONS ALONG KOHAT-ORAKZAI TRANSACT KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, NW PAKISTAN
Yaseen, Muhammad
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Ali Shah, Shahid
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Khan, Junaid
Department of Earth Science, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Samiullah, Adnan
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Jan, Adil
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Sheeraz Khan, Muhammad
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Sair, Saad
Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The present research work is primarily focusing on fracture analysis of exposed Eocene limestone to estimate the reservoir potential by Monte Carlo Techniques. The methodology implemented is the scanline method which were used for fracture data collections during field work. Three stations were selected for fracture data which consists of 30 scanlines for comprehensive petrophysical properties i.e., fracture density, porosity, and permeability. The computer software was used for interpretation of fracture orientation data. The interpretation demonstrates two prevailing fracture sets existing in the study area which have average NE and NW strike. However, the correlation between their properties is documented based on charts. The consequence specifies that the correlation between density and porosity is variable although the density and permeability is linear. The qualitative classification was based on NFR system analyzed for the reservoir potential which shows very defective correlation whereas fractures provide flexible assistance and does not offer significant additional porosity and permeability. Thus, it occurs from type 4 to type 3 NFR system of classification.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2021-12-30 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/121
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 6 (2021)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/29
2017-06-08T16:07:48Z
JMAR:Math.+%26+comp.+Sc.
oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/74
2021-08-10T19:47:20Z
JMAR:Phy.+%26+Mat.+Sc.
"191223 2019 eng "
2518-850X
2518-8496
dc
ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION TRENDS IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN (GB), PAKISTAN
Raza, M.
Department of Physics, Karakorum International University Gilgit-Baltistan
This article explores seasonal as well as annual trends of precipitation in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) Pakistan over the period between 1980 and 2012. For the analysis of precipitation trends, non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s tests were applied. The assessment of precipitation data showed an annual increasing trend of precipitation in GB although this trend is not statistically significant. Seasonal analysis revealed least amount of precipitation occurs in the autumn season which is becoming drier. Trend analysis showed an increasing trend of precipitation in the other three seasons (winter, Spring and summer). The study revealed that the precipitation at Gupis is increasing significantly in winter, spring and summer seasons.
Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan
2019-12-23 00:00:00
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journal.kiu.edu.pk/index.php/JMAR/article/view/74
Journal of Mountain Area Research; Vol 4 (2019)
eng
##submission.copyrightStatement##