MICROFACIES STUDIES OF THE JURASSIC TAKATU FORMATION, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD-THRUST BELT, PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Abstract
Takatu Formation is well exposed in the western Sulaiman Fold- Thrust Belt, Pakistan. It has an unconformable upper contact with Sembar Formation which is marked by oxidized surface and lower contact with Triassic Wulgai Formation. The Takatu Formation contains a wide variety of limestones, which are fine to coarse grained, palatal, lumpy, skeletal, micritic, nodular, oolitic, and intraclastic. The Takatu Formation is mainly carbonate-litho package with minor siliciclastic content interbedded as shale and marls. The petrography of limestone allowed the differentiation and demonstrated of four major and sub microfacies types. These includes, Mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone and Grainstone microfacies, which are further sub-divided into five microfacies such as, Bioclastic wackstone, Calcispheric packstone, Peloidal packstone, Ooidal grainstone, and Lithoclastic grainstone. These microfacies were compared with standard microfacies and standard zones for their possible depositional environments. On the bases of our studies, it is interpreted that Takatu Formation was deposited in diverse environment ranging from the marginal shallow shelf, upper slope and in deeper parts of the shelf.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Papers accepted for publication become copyright of the Editorial Office, Journal of Mountain Area Research, Karakoram International University Gilgit, Gilgit-15100, Pakistan and authors will be asked to sign a copyright transfer agreement. Articles cannot be published until a signed copyright transfer agreement form has been received.
The work published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[2] Shah, S. M. I. Lithostratigraphic units of the Sulaiman and Kirthar Provinces, lower Indus basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, (1977). Record, 107, p 138.
[3] Shah, S. M. I. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, (2009). Memoir 22, p 381.
[4] Jones, A. G. Reconnaissance Geology of part of West Pakistan. a Colombo Plan Cooperative Project. A report published for the government of Pakistan by the government of Canada: Oshawa, Ontario, (1961). Maracle Press, p 550.
[5] Anwar, M. Fatmi, A.N. and Hyderi I.H., Revised nomenclature and stratigraphy of Ferozabad, Alozai and Mona Jhal Groups of Balochistan (Axial Belt), Pakistan. Acta Mineralogica Pakistanica, (1991). 46-61.
[6] Vredenburg, E. W. Report on the Geology of Sarawan, Jhalawan, Mekran and the State of LasBela, Considered Principally from the Point of View of Economic Development... Geological survey of India, (1909). 38. 3. 189-215.
[7] Kassi, A. M., Kelling, G., Kasi, A. K., Umar, M., and Khan, A. S. Contrasting Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene lithostratigraphic successions across the Bibai Thrust, western Sulaiman Fold–Thrust Belt, Pakistan: Their significance in deciphering the early-collisional history of the NW Indian Plate margin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, (2009). 35.5. 435-444.
[8] Powell, C. McA. A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings: some constraints from the Indian Ocean. In: Farah, A., Dejong, K. A., (Eds.), Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, (1979). 5-24.
[9] Sarwar, G. and DeJong, K. A. Arcs, Oroclines and Syntaxe: the curvatures of mountain belts in Pakistan. In: Farah, A. and DeJong, K. A., (Eds.), Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, (1979). 341-349.
[10] Bannert, D., Cheema, A. and Schaffer, U. The structural development of the Western Fold Belt, Pakistan. Journal of Geology, (1992). 80, 3-66.
[11] Bender, F., and Raza, H. A. Geology of Pakistan. Gebruder Borntreager, Germany, (1995). p 414.
[12] Kazmi, A. H., and Jan M. Q. Geology and tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic publishers, (1997). P 554.
[13] Kazmi, A. H., and Rana, R. A. “Tectonic map of Pakistan 1:2000000: Map showing structural features and tectonic stages in Pakistan. Geological survey of Pakistan, (1982).
[14] Allemann, F. Time of emplacement of the Zhob Valley ophiolites and Bela ophiolites, Baluchistan(preliminary report). Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, (1979). 215-242.
[15] Flügel, E. Microfacies of carbonate rocks: analysis, interpretation and application. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, (2004). P 976.
[16] Flügel, E. Microfacies of carbonate rocks: analysis, interpretation and application. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York, (2010). p 984.
[17] Baccelle, L., and Bosellini, A. Charts for visual estimation of the percentage composition in sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of Paleontology, (1965). 1, 59-62.
[18] Dunham, R.J. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, (1962). Memoire, 1, 108-121.
[19] Embry, A.F., and Klovan J. E. A late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island Nordwest Territories. Bulletin of Canada Petroleum Geologist, (1971). 19, 730-781.
[20] Wright, V. P. A revised classification of limestones. Sedimentary geology, (1992). 76. 177-185.
[21] Alling, H.L. Use of microlithologies as illustrated by some New York sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, (1945). 56.7. 737-756.
[22] Tucker, M. E. “Geological background to carbonate sedimentation”. In: Tucker, M. E., and Wright,V.P., (Eds.), Carbonate Sedimentology, (1990). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 28-69.
[23] Wilson, J. L. The lower carboniferous Waulsortian facies. Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, New York, (1975). 148-168.
[24] Wanless, H. R., Burton, E. A. and Dravis, J., Hydrodynamics of carbonate fecal pellets. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, (1981).51, 27-36.
[25] Ali, J. R. and Aitchison, J. C. Gondwana to Asia: Plate tectonics, paleogeography and the biological connectivity of the Indian sub-continent from the Middle Jurassic through latest Eocene (166–35 Ma). Earth Science Review, (2008). 88, 145-166.
[26] Manan, R. A. Sedimentology and Petrology of the Triassic-Jurassic succession, western Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan, (2014).
[27] Kassi, A. M. and Khan, A. S. The Loralai Limestone Facies around Qila Saifullah and Rud Malazai Areas, Northeast Balochistan. Geological Bulletin, University of Punjab, 28 (1993) 81-91.
[28] Schmid, DU, Leinfelder, R.R and Nose, M. Growth dynamics and ecology of Upper Jurassic mounds, with comparisons to Mid-Palaeozoic mounds. Sedimentary Geology, (2001). 145, 3-4, 343-376.
[29] Leinfelder, R.R., Nose, M., Schmid, D.U. and Werner, W. Microbial crusts of the Late Jurassic: composition, palaeoecological significance and importance in reef construction. Facies, (1993b). Special volume “Microbial Carbonates” Erlangen 29, 195-230.
[30] Van Soest, R.W.M. Shallow-water reef sponges of Eastern Indonesia. In: Rutzler (ed.): New Perspective in Sponge Biology. Proceedings. 3rd International Conference Biology, (1990). Sponges, Woods Hole, 302-308, Washington (Smithsonian).